For cancer we look at survival times compared to the average survival for someone who has that disease.
Also, because our virus only goes into cancer cells we can stick a glow in the dark molecule onto our cancer and it will light up all the cancer cells in the person so if there is no glow in the dark parts then they have no cancer.
For something like a virus or bacteria you can check if that person has any white blood cells that are targetted to that bug.
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